The figure of Santa Claus, widely recognized around the world as the jolly old man who distributes gifts during Christmas, takes on a unique name and personality in Chile: Viejito Pascuero.
This name has deep cultural and linguistic roots that reflect foreign influences adapted to the local Chilean context. Below, we explore the historical and cultural reasons behind this term.
Origin of the Term Santa Claus
The term Santa Claus originates from Saint Nicholas of Bari, a 4th-century bishop from the region of Lycia, in present-day Turkey.
In the Netherlands, Saint Nicholas was known as Sinterklaas. The tradition associated with this saint involved his arrival by ship from Spain to deliver gifts to children on the eve of his feast day, December 5th.
Dutch settlers brought the figure of Sinterklaas to America in the 18th century, particularly to New York, where the tradition merged with influences from other European cultures.
In the 19th century, the name Sinterklaas evolved into Santa Claus in English, due to the Dutch pronunciation of the term.
Why Is He Called Viejito Pascuero in Chile?
The term Pascuero derives from the word Pascua, which in the Chilean context (and in other Spanish-speaking countries) refers not only to Easter but also to Christmas.
This association is because both celebrations are key moments in the Christian calendar. In Chile, Pascua became a general term for religious celebrations, and Christmas is colloquially known as Pascua.
On the other hand, the use of the diminutive Viejito reflects affection and familiarity toward this figure. This diminutive is common in Chilean Spanish to express endearment and closeness.
Cultural Influence and Adaptation
The figure of Santa Claus arrived in Chile during the 19th and early 20th centuries, influenced by European and North American traditions.
The original representations of Santa Claus, based on Saint Nicholas and American Christmas culture, began to gain popularity thanks to immigrants and media, especially in the decades following Chile’s independence.
However, instead of directly adopting the name Santa Claus or Papá Noel, as happened in other regions, Chileans adapted the figure to their local context.
Thus, Viejito Pascuero acquired unique elements that made him more relatable and understandable for the Chilean population, especially in rural areas.
What Other Names Are Used Around the World?
Around the world, the character of Santa Claus has different names and versions, which vary according to local cultures and traditions. Some of the most common terms and their origins include:
Papá Noel
Derived from the French term Père Noël (Father Christmas). In Spain and several Latin American countries, he is known as Papá Noel, an adaptation of the original name.
Father Christmas
In the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries, the term Father Christmas has traditionally been used. Originally, this figure was more associated with winter solstice celebrations and seasonal festivities before merging with the figure of Santa Claus.
Kris Kringle
In the United States, the term Kris Kringle originates from the German phrase Christkindl, meaning “Christ Child.” Over time, this name became associated with Santa Claus in the Anglo-Saxon context.
Joulupukki
In Finland, Joulupukki is the name of the Christmas figure, literally meaning “Christmas Boy” or “Christmas Goat” (a reference to ancient pagan traditions). Joulupukki lives in Lapland and brings gifts to children.
Ded Moroz
In Russia, Santa Claus’s equivalent is Ded Moroz, meaning “Grandfather Frost.” This figure is associated with Orthodox Christmas and New Year celebrations and is often accompanied by his granddaughter, Snegurochka (the Snow Maiden).
Sinterklaas
In the Netherlands, Sinterklaas is the traditional figure that inspired Santa Claus. He is a bishop who arrives from Spain with his boat and entourage of helpers, known as Zwarte Piet (Black Pete), to distribute gifts on the night of December 5th.
Saint Nicholas
In various parts of Europe, including Germany, France, and Eastern European countries, the figure of Saint Nicholas remains prominent, especially on the eve of his feast day, December 6th.
Väterchen Frost
Väterchen Frost (Father Frost) is the traditional winter figure in some Eastern European countries, particularly in Ukraine and Belarus. He is similar to Ded Moroz, and his mission is to bring gifts for New Year celebrations.
Befana
In Italy, instead of Santa Claus, the figure of La Befana is celebrated. This old witch, according to tradition, distributes sweets and gifts to children on the eve of Epiphany (January 6th), following the story of the Three Wise Men.
Hoteiosho
In Japan, Hoteiosho is one of the Seven Gods of Fortune and is associated with gift-giving and prosperity. While not as prominent as in other cultures, some Japanese consider him a Christmas figure.
